Vector subtraction is performed by adding the scalar multiple of " 1 with the second vector operand to the first vector operand.
2.
The headwind velocity in still air is inverse of the object's velocity, therefore the apparent wind can also be defined as a vector subtraction : the " "'Velocity of the wind "'minus the "'Velocity of the object " " '.
3.
I think the problem rests with calculating the shadow speed : further consideration leads me to believe that a full vector subtraction is required, not just the " cos " factor suggested above, but unfortunately this makes things worse as the resultant speed is quite a bit larger than the " cos "-style value.
मोबाइल